The Moro conflict is a multifaceted, highly complex matter, emanating from centuries of profound societal fragmentation and divisions. Elections dominated the political space for the last few months. It is widely recognised that rapid progress needs to be made on both the governance and normalisation tracks of the peace implementation plan, especially as insurgent groups are likely to seek to spoil the process. Key grievances are the perception that the state military campaigns have been heavy-handed; protracted internal displacement following the battles and slow state reconstruction processes; human rights abuses by the military; and the sense of betrayal by the government during peace negotiations. A Reflection on Karl Marx’s Conflict Theory and the Philippine Governance One of the most prominent sociologist [and philosopher] in his time until now is Karl Marx. For instance, the mini-war in Midsayap (North Cotabato Province) in March 2007 and the intense two-week-long fighting in Panamao (Sulu Province) in April 2007 destabilised the environment, threatened the safety of thousands of civilians, and impaired the mobility of the local civil society. Ceasefire agreements and peace negotiations with the MILF broke down several times. In the towns of Barira and North Upi on the Philippine island of Mindanao, justice systems have adopted indigenous methods of resolving conflict, resulting in greater judicial transparency, fewer allegations and disputes, less harassment, and reduced attorney fees according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer. In the Philippines, where more than a quarter of the country's population of 92.3 million lives below the poverty line, economic and social inequality is a major problem. There have been two guerrilla wars going on for several decades. The NPA is also active in Christian areas of Mindanao. The Philippines’ longest-running extremist conflict is with the Communist People’s Party (CPP) and its military wing the New People’s Army (NPA). The main guerrilla, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), signed a peace treaty (“Final Peace Agreement”) with the Philippine government (GRP) in 1996. the Insurgency of the Communist Party of the Philippines; the Moro insurgency in the Philippines; See also [edit | edit source]. Rather, they believe that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities that arise from differences in class, gender, race, and ethnicity.  The Philippines is in the midst of a “human rights crisis” following President Duterte’s election in 2016 and the initiation of his war on drugs (Human Rights Watch (HRW), 2018).  There have been at least three main peace agreements between the government and different insurgent groups over history, but none have delivered a sustainable peace yet. They were marked by several malpractices and were closely monitored by national and international observers. Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Ethno-Religious War or Economic Conflict? The best known about him is his theory of Class Conflict or just simply Conflict Theory. A ceasefire was announced between the AFP and armed elements of MNLF in the Panamao area of Sulu province. On 7 February 2005, a new armed conflict erupted in the area of the Sulu islands (Western Mindanao) between MNLF and government troops. The high militarization of the whole area caused much fear among the residents, local governmental officials, the ceasefire mechanism structure and civil society organizations. The last two “all-out wars” happened in 2000 under President Estrada, and then again in February 2003, but already in March 2003 peace talks were resumed. Generally the armed confrontations have been since 2000 limited geographically to certain areas. They are also frequently subjected to challenge by outbreak of small-to-medium scale hostilities between the main parties to the conflict and their proxies. The ongoing armed conflict between government forces and Islamist rebels in Marawi, the Philippines, has taken a familiar turn. Although, the resignation of Chief Peace Panellist from GRP side created further uncertain atmosphere with respect to the new round of peace talks. In the middle of August, GRP intensified its decalred war on terrorism in the island of Sulu against Abu Sayyaf Group that resulted in huge displacement of civilians and caused increased tension between AFP and MNLF troops on the ground, as Sulu is the strong base of MNLF.  Religious education and leaders – Extremist preachers in the Philippines have played an important role in recruiting insurgents from Islamic education institutions, informing and leading extremist cells, and in teaching extremist views. Family rights and The conflict continues to the present day. A brief look at the decades of conflict that have been present in Mindanao and the whole of the Philippines.  State responses – The government’s response to violent extremism has been predominantly military and hindered by a lack of coordination across government agencies (ICG, 2019; TSN, 2019). After 1986 the movement split over the issue of strategy. However the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) that had split off in1984 from the MNLF continued the fighting. Thomasite teacher with Filipino students. Festival Images migrantes "Du migrant au sujet politique", Drawing on the move: Atelier participatif, Repenser le monde avec Césaire, Fanon et Glissant, Nonviolent Peaceforce in action: an overview. K4D Helpdesk Report 648. The Philippine-American Conflict developed out of the Philippine struggle for independence from Spain. This is due to not everyone starting on equal grounds, not everyone having the same goals and not everyone having the same attitudes and morals. The communist rebellion in the Philippines is an ongoing conflict between the Government of the Philippines (GPH) and the New People's Army (NPA), which is the armed wing of the Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). During the Spanish-American War of 1898, the United States hoped to assist Cubans and Filipinos in their ongoing efforts at freedom from Spanish colonial rule. Transnational linkages amplify violent extremism through the movement and diffusion of ideas, funding, leadership, and tactical and technical knowledge. The southern Philippines has a long history of conflict, with armed groups including Muslim separatists, communists, clan militias and criminal groups all active in the area. Conflict theory, based upon society’s obsession with power and fear of change, is the most fitting theory in regards to the education system. Certain highly sensitive parts of Central and Western Mindanao are inaccessible or off-limits for human rights defenders and legal counsels due to the obstructions posed by various armed parties and lawless groups. A brief look at the decades of conflict that have been present in Mindanao and the whole of the Philippines. Thousands of civilians were displaced in this mini-war and many are yet to return to their homes. We Already Had An Excellent Public School System Before The Americans Came. Under Article 15, the Philippines follows the nationality theory. The Philippines has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, and … The main armed groups in Mindanao however have been Muslim guerrillas who fight for self-determination of the ‘Muslim Nation’ (=’Bangsamoro’) in Mindanao. Gender and countering violent extremism (CVE) in the Kenya Mozambique region, Lessons for coherent and integrated conflict analysis from multilateral actors, Institutions, approaches and lessons for coherent and integrated conflict analysis. Dossier : Philippines, even though living abroad. It was the first ever NAP adopted in Asia. The current situation is complex and dynamic, with an “increasingly fragmented array of violent extremist organizations” (TNC, 2019). For details, click "read more" and see "use of cookies". Conflict theory … Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire makes Philippines extremely vulnerable to natural disasters, especially earthquakes, cyclones, and volcanic hazards. At the end of August 2007, the official peace processes (GRP-MILF & GRP-MNLF) are lingering in a state of uncertainty and with extended delays in the resumption of talks. The armed conflict in the North began already in 1946 when an already existing communist army started to fight the Philippine government until 1954. Post-independence (in 1946) The Philippines was relatively stable with steady economic growth (Asia Foundation, 2017). These resolutions provide the policy frame and guidance for the promotion and protection of women’s rights in conflict and post-conflict situations. Sometimes, these tensions escalate into localised bouts of fighting that result in burning of houses and displacement of villagers. In July, the government signed a new ceasefire with MILF ahead of talks in Malaysia. The conflict is also associated with the National Democratic Front of the Philippines (NDFP), which serves as the political wing of the CPP. Civil society maintained continuous presence and advocated for early cessation of hostilities. This draws on the reality that the Southwestern Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago are the poorest provinces in the Philippines, and one of Southeast Asia’s least developed regions.  Poverty, lack of opportunities, land dispossession and marginalisation – A key driver of violent extremism in Mindanao is longstanding historical grievances against the national government, this especially draws on feelings that the Muslim minority population has been marginalised by the dominant Christian population. Drivers of conflict in the southern Philippines. It was feared that the confrontation between the forces of both sides might led to a new outbreak of violence not only in Basilan but which may also affect the cease-fire on the mainlands of Mindanao. Conflict and instability – insurgent groups and drivers Insurgent groups Traditional warlords are also significant vote-capturers with implications for national-level politicians. The proactive civil society organizations (CSOs) of Mindanao vehemently condemned the July 10 Basilan incident and exerted joint efforts to save the peace process. Evidence is emerging of increased US and Australian military support for the government of Rodrigo Duterte and the Philippine military. Civil conflict in the Philippines is an ongoing conflict involving two coinciding insurgencies in the modern history of the country:. Conflict theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality. Besides the mainstream MNLF, which is committed to a peaceful resolution of the conflict, Sulu also has a number of so-called lawless/banned or terrorist groups that have attracted a fairly large US military contingent to assist operations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Civil society leaders consider the elections to have had a divisive impact on the overall peace process, instead of uniting the stakeholders. There have been two guerrilla wars going on for several decades. By using this site you indicate agreement with the use of cookies. Extortion of large commodity exporters and mining companies by insurgent groups is a proximate driver of conflict. U.S.-PHILIPPINES RELATIONS The United States established diplomatic relations with the Philippines in 1946. 1970 the NPA (New People’s Army), the armed body of the newly founded Communist Party, took up the fighting again with the goal to enforce a socialist system with just land distribution. Outputs supported by FCDO are © FCDO Crown Copyright 2020; outputs supported by the Australian Government are Land dispossession and loss of ancestral homelands of Family feuds with an ethos of revenge are also an important issue especially in Muslim areas. This 1-day Conflict Management Seminar has a mixture of theory and practical exercises designed to create more effective outcomes. It is one of the four paradigms of sociology, which include functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and feminism.Examples of social conflict theory can be found in … CSOs produced series of press statement urging both parties to exercise maximum restraints and resolve Basilan crisis through dialogue and other peaceful means. Sporadic bomb blasts and kidnappings are on the rise and often go unexplained as to who the real perpetrators were. Since the municipalities of some of these regions are predominantly Christian, some of the cities are not in ARMM, including Cotabato City, Maguindanao, which is the headquarters of the ARMM. The markers of globalisation such as the imperatives of economic liberalisation, fiscal reform, and migratory flows, which is one of tidal waves of global information, have restructured social relations existing all over the world. But violence in the South has been perpetrated by many more groups than MNLF and MILF, including other armed non-state actors (Pentagon in Central Mindanao, Abu Sayyaf, the South-East Asian Jemaah Islamiah etc. The incidence of human rights violations by different armed parties remains a major subject of concern for civil society actors, who are finding it difficult to come up with a suitable response due to pressures, security risks, and lack of support structures. Drivers of instability across the country. MNLF and GRP scheduled to resume tripartite talks with the OIC in Qatar in July.but talks were postponed as Indonesian envoy was not ready and MNLF insisted on to have Jeddah, Saudi Arabia as a venue for talks. We use cookies to remember settings and choices, and to count visitor numbers and usage trends. Active and simmering Ridos ensure that there is a socioeconomic basis to continuous warfare. The NPA forces are also known as "Huks," in connection with the Hukbalahap war of the 1940s and 1950s. There has been an acute sense of political and cultural alienation, and economic marginalisation. In our country, the Philippine National Action Plan (NAP) was launched in March 2010. The civil conflict in the Philippines as of February 2019, consists of an insurgency pitting Government forces against Maoist rebels, that began in 1969 during the rule of Ferdinand Marcos. Although MNLF and MILF have a Coordination Committee to sort out differences and strengthen ties, its operational structure has loopholes through which violence emanates. Long-lasting armed conflict in Mindanao and other parts of the country and the negative impact of increasing effects of climate change hinder sustainable development and intensify poverty. (This seems to be different in Zamboanga where both MNLF and MILF could be present.). The core issue (land dispute) has not yet been settled. The Philippines is home to some of the most protracted insurgencies in the world and provides an unparalleled opportunity to study multiple dimensions of insurgency, terrorism and other forms of political violence over long periods of time.  The conflict has been a longstanding feature of the Philippines, with two long-running insurgencies, and a number of other types of conflict and violence. Key findings include: The Philippine National Police reported that 5,526 suspects were killed in police operations from July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2019. Militants move easily between violent extremism, insurgency and criminality. Nationality theory – the nationality or citizenship determines the personal laws of the individual.  Lack of rule of law, governance weaknesses, clan politics and criminality – Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago’s remoteness and weak governance makes those regions the most vulnerable in the Philippines to violent extremist recruitment and training. There is heavy presence of armed actors in their respective allocated areas. A referendum asked the municipalities and provinces with significant Muslim populations in Mindanao if they wished to join an “Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao” (ARMM) which had originally already been created in 1990. © Australian Government 2020; and outputs supported by the European Commission are © European Union 2020. Civil society in Mindanao is playing a highly commendable and constructive role on its part to not let the ongoing peace process slip into disarray. The decapitation of the dead bodies of marines of Armed Forces of Philippines and a Muslim Imam further aggravated the volatile situation. Many provinces of Mindanao in which NP has plans of working have been declared to have had “failed elections”. Conflict profile These cookies do not identify you personally. Conflict has been a longstanding feature of the Philippines, with two long-running insurgencies, and a number of other types of conflict and violence that have fluctuated and changed over time. Overall, the elections fortified the power of provincial feudal elites and raised the possibilities of emergence of local ‘third parties’ to the peace processes. A wide range of drivers and grievances are identified in the literature, however, importantly, ICG (2019) highlights that “generalisations can be misleading because motivations for participation in A joint fact finding committee comprised of representatives from the “GRP – MILF Coordination Committee on the Cessation of Hostilities” and Bantay Ceasefire produced a joint fact finding report and identified 10 Abu Sayyaf Group bandits behind the mutilation of the dead bodies of marines. Although an end to the insurrection was declared in 1902, … The report strongly endorsed for the immediate establishment of Joint Assistance Monitoring Team (JMAT) structure in Basilan to maintain ceasefire and further prevent the outbreak of violence. At present five provinces form the ARMM: Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao in Central Mindanao, as well as the islands Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi in Western Mindanao. A recent study by the Notre Dame University about the involvement of children in the conflict showed that there is child recruitment although neither numbers nor patterns of such recruitment are really clear. Title: The Culture of Conflict in Philippines. Poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. Some see the new groups as representing a new strand of violent extremism, while others see them as having evolved from the previous struggles for secession and self-determination. Although the ceasefire in Midsayap (North Cotabato) is holding in mid 2007, and most of the IDPs have returned to their respective homes, fear of renewed violence is widespread. The political rise of traditional feudal chieftains (Datus) in the last years in some provinces of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) has intermeshed clan conflicts (Rido) with the larger peace process between the GRP, the MILF and the MNLF. A number of groups align themselves to the so-called Islamic State (IS). Conflict theory, first purported by Karl Marx, is a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. Philippine-American War, war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902, an insurrection that may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Civilians and communities that have undergone abuses are unable to share their grievances with relevant sources of help because of fear of retribution and absence of active human rights networks on the ground. The talks between GRP and MILF were scheduled for after the elections, but mistrust arose with the sudden resignation of the Chair of the GRP Peace Panel. MNLF leaders joined then the government structures in Mindanao mainly in the ARMM. The current situation is complex and dynamic, with an “increasingly fragmented array of violent extremist organizations” (TNC, 2019). Governance, social development, conflict and humanitarian knowledge services. Since late July 2007 the peace process in Mindanao between Government Republic of Philippines (GRP) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is passing through a turbulent and testing time after a fire fight on July 10, 2007 in Barangay (lowest administrative unit) Guinanta, Al Barakah in Basilan involving the armed forces of both parties that resulted in casualties on both sides. Using conflict management skills strategies in the workplace will help maintain a healthy work environment. During the Basilan crises, talks were planned in Malaysia but in the last moment the Chairman of GRP Peace panel backed out with a request to need more personal time to prepare for the talks.Given the parallel peace processes covering the same territories between MNLF and GRP on one hand and between MILF and GRP on the other, tensions are also observable between the two Moro revolutionary outfits. He is facing charges for mishandling of funds, and is still in prison in Manila. ), Christian vigilante organisations and criminal gangs (‘Kidnap for Ransom Groups’) and official and semi-official government agencies (human rights organisations have counted at least 50 extrajudicial killings of drug offenders in the city of Davao). It was halted through political agreement between higher-ups of both sides, given the need to conduct elections as well as other considerations. indigenous Muslims by Christian migrant settlers is also a core grievance. The picture of which group controls which area is rather confusing, there are no larger territories in control of one or the other group (unlike Sri Lanka where the LTTE governs its occupied areas, with clear boundaries and checkpoints). Theories on Personal Law: 1.  In the current day, the main types of violence and conflict include violence by state actors against civilians; clan-related violence; political and armed conflicts by nationalist/separatist groups in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago; a communist-inspired guerrilla campaign (mainly in western Mindanao); violent extremist and criminal groups; anti-drug vigilantes; other criminal violence; domestic and gender-based violence; protests; violence around elections; and local conflicts over resources and community rights. MNLF Commander Nur Misuari even eventually became governor of Mindanao before he got arrested in 2001 after leading a failed uprising. Small skirmishes continue in this area because the army is still chasing some enemy combatants. This conflict management seminar helps you understand that the solution lies with you, not them. All together, between 400,000 and 1 million people have been internally displaced (though most have returned by now) because of the conflicts, and 160,000 died (40,000 in the North, 120,000 in the South). The fighting in Marawi – the capital of Lanao del Sur province in Mindanao – started in May 2017. The conflict in the South began when a massive resettlement program of Christians on Mindanao caused conflicts around land distribution with the Muslim population that already felt discriminated against by the Christian North. More information about Philippines is available on the Philippines Page and from other Department of State publications and other sources listed at the end of this fact sheet. Re-elections in some critical areas generated more polarisation of society and added fuel to existing ridos (clan conflicts). In the past 4 decades, the proportion of households living below the official poverty line has declined slowly and unevenly. Irenees.net is a documentary website whose purpose is to promote an exchange of knowledge and know-how at the service of the construction of an Art of peace.This website is coordinated byModus Operandi, Analysis file Civilian grievances regarding protection have not been addressed and they continue to be a cause of concern. This rapid literature review examines the main conflict and instability drivers in the Philippines. Local Government Units (LGUs), which represent the feudal interests and derive power from their control over paramilitaries (Civilian Volunteer Organisations (CVOs) and Civilian Armed Forces of Geographical Units (CAFGUs)) are now important stakeholders in the larger conflict. Human rights, academic freedom and self-determination in a society of collective awareness is … Conflict Theory. 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