West of the ridge, Cattaraugus Creek, Canadaway Creek and Walnut Creek flow into Lake Erie, while east of the ridge Lake Chautauqua, the Chadokoin River and Conewango Creek flow into the Allegheny River. Some seventeenth- and eighteenth-century structures survived, curious relics adjacent to the newly fashionable neoclassical styles. Boston Furnituremakers and the New Social Media, 1830–1860, 19. Winterthur Museum; Museum purchase with funds provided by the Special Fund for Collection Objects (1990.0074 a). 9, 10). All Rights Reserved. 1. 31, 1831. They are, therefore, the pieces most likely to reflect local sourcing and consumption patterns because such orders often depended on face-to-face relationships between makers and buyers particular about their wants. of hollow turnd ware” at 6s. Most of them were small, and many of them were short-lived, but at least half of the forty furniture factories in Jamestown in 1920 belonged to the Swedes. The Watson Manufacturing Company soon converted its operations from farm equipment to metal furniture and in 1904 a group of Swedes organized the Dahlstrom Metallic Door Company. About Wm. © 2017 Colonial Society of Massachusetts. By 1920, however, the company employed 275 men and produced better grades of furniture. On several occasions, businessmen made concessions on hours and wages, as long as they did not have to grant the unions legal recognition, and there was little violence until shortly before World War I. 11). The Jamestown Metal Desk Company underwent reorganization in 1935, emerging as the Jamestown Metal Corporation. Jamestown never became a center of heavy industry. The year 1927 witnessed the failure of the Liberty Upholstery Company and the Herrick, Supreme and Standard furniture companies. Because of the leadership taken by Jamestown businessmen, Jamestown became the site of the company’s general office. Chest of drawers, Boston, 1750–80. Private collection. Seasonal flows transferred ideas; having worked in the city, country cabinetmakers and carpenters began to copy urban designs, blurring geographical distinctions. 25. In that sense, the story of the Boston craft community between 1640 and 1860 is about the making of the modern world. Many companies merged or were bought by stronger firms. 4). 6. Many of these companies were founded by Swedish craftsmen who saved money out of their wages, pooled their limited capital and took out bank loans in order to go into business. “The Best Workman in the Shop”: Cabinetmaker William Munroe of Concord, 13. Furniture warehouses tried to generate retail traffic by offering a wider range of styles and forms and by combining the labor and capital of specialized workers. 6. Developers cut down Beacon Hill, erected houses on its north, west, and south flanks, pushed wharves into the harbor, doubled the width of the isthmus linking Boston to Roxbury and Dorchester, and built bridges that spanned the Charles River to Charlestown and Cambridge. Smaller concerns often employed only one or two dozen men. 14. Lacking a railroad, Jamestown lagged behind Dunkirk. Adams’s inventory lists “timber at the wharf,” implicating the degree to which artisans in Boston depended on trade. Until shortly before the Civil War, Jamestown’s industrial growth was severely hindered by lack of adequate transportation. Wayne, William. Few rural tradespeople had ready access to multiaxis jigs for lathes, carving tools, or supplies of cane and leather, nor did they have sufficient demand to justify tooling up, acquiring imported materials like cane, or learning esoteric skills. As early as 1919, the Maddox family sold its table making business to the Shearman Brothers Lounge Company. William Avery Baker, “Vessel Types of Colonial Massachusetts,” in Seafaring in Colonial Massachusetts (Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1980), 3–29. So many new mills were built during the 1830’s that by 1840 most stands of first class pine timber had been exhausted. 1716–1798), Philadelphia, 1755–62. FIG. 23. The water – powered machinery used in Jamestown’s early furniture factories was very crude and most of the intricate work was still performed by hand. John Lane’s information is cited in Forman, American Seating Furniture, 242; for more on Lane, see Jobe, “Boston Furniture Industry,” 73. British weavers were very significant in the growth of the worsted mills in Jamestown, and the Art Metal Construction Company imported skilled German metal workers from Milwaukee. They bought out the nation’s first producer of metal shelving, the American Shelf and Drawer Company of Milwaukee, and joined with firms in Saint Louis, Rochester and Milwaukee to found the Art Metal Construction Company, the first producer of metal furniture in the United States. Tablecloths masked the cheaper birch top but revealed the mahogany legs. The city’s entrepreneurs were also quick to branch out into new lines of light industrial production. Crockford created a highly specialized niche that not only addressed the needs and wants of the mercantile elite for decorative twist-turned staircases and fences but also provided countless opportunities for the kind of ordinary work everyone needed occasionally. Chairs from Philadelphia, tables and fancy chairs from New York, fancy chairs from the countryside, and chests from Salem, Dorchester, or Portsmouth were all part of a retail mix in which speculators, consumers, auctioneers, and distributers, not just makers, shaped the business. Jamestown was still basically a logging camp when in 1816, Royal Keyes started the first cabinet making shop in the village. 3. Ibid., 64–68; the inventory of Crockford’s shop and tools is on 66–68. Boston’s best furnituremakers made beautiful objects, but many of them struggled to make a living.1, As a maritime outlier in a mostly agrarian world, Boston was a focal point of administration, trade, and shipping for the patchy accretion of first-generation settlements linked to the Hub by roads, rivers, and estuaries. Officially, the port was closed when the British army arrived to enforce the Coercive Acts in 1774; it reopened in 1776, when the redcoats evacuated, but practically everything except privateering and some facets of coastal trading was “dull.” The occupying troops had trashed the town, having discovered that firewood needed to be imported from the hinterlands, where hundreds of their comrades had died during the retreat from Concord and the costly victory at Breed’s Hill, which generated 1,100 casualties. The growth of the city’s furniture industry depended also on entrepreneurs who sought new ways of promoting their products and expanding their markets. Thereafter, residents filled shallow waters and subdivided city lots, increasing population density.4, Given the city’s trade connections, local merchants and residents were well aware of what was happening elsewhere, whether in Kingston, Bristol, or London. Black walnut, soft maple; h 39, w 21⅜, d 20. They copied the competition, specialized in higher-profit goods such as pianos and upholstered lines, moved some production out of town, and invested in new machinery. The patterns of furniture production and retailing that emerged in the first half of the nineteenth century were different from those of earlier times, but they were no less complex or risky than shipping chairs to the Caribbean had been in the 1680s. If pirates, storms, spooked fish, wars, and bad economic timing didn’t sink you, rot or shipworms would. However, most of the village’s business concerns were small establishments that provided for the needs of an agricultural area. 17. Shops or showrooms clustered in three major locations: the vicinity of Faneuil Hall and the city market, the central shopping spine of Newbury Street (later Washington Street), and the southern end of Washington Street. 15. And all kinds of flag seat chairs, which can be made neat, durable and as cheap as can be obtained in New-York. 8), were listed as made in either Boston or New England. One such collective was the New Furniture Warehouse, opposite the Old South Church, where cabinetmakers could deposit their wares on commission and sell for “very low cash prices.” In this ferociously competitive range of business models, as revealed in advertisements as well as by fieldwork in Cotton Belt plantation houses, Boston-made objects appeared side by side with those from New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Cincinnati.31. Consumers could still go to their neighborhood joiner or cabinetmaker and buy something handmade from local materials at a variety of price points. Competition was intense. We can see some of these changes in the maps developed by Page Talbott for her study of classical furniture; they help explain why people like Thomas Seymour could design and produce brilliant furniture but fail as a businessman (fig. Swedes went into the furniture industry, not only because many of them were skilled woodworkers, but because, like native Americans, they found that it was relatively inexpensive to start a furniture factory. pr. In 1858 Simmons, Tyrell and Company produced more than twenty types of chairs as well as bedsteads and other furniture. The Swedes made up 40 percent of 193 business leaders born after 1850 and nearly half of these Swedish business leaders were furniture makers. This period of the 30’s and 40’s were not years of total failure, however. They timed their exhibits to coincide with the annual furniture exhibitions in Grand Rapids, and furniture buyers began visiting Jamestown on their way to Grand Rapids. 24. This was especially true in the case of the Swedes. Many of these coexisted with one another and with furniture passed down from earlier generations or acquired secondhand. Jamestown’s Furniture Industry Before 1860. Foreign talent—much of it from Britain, including John and Thomas Seymour, Thomas Wightman, and William Lemon—arrived in Boston with new design ideas, but there was local talent, too.28. Of great importance was the development of railroads in southern Chautauqua County, beginning with the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad which reached Jamestown in 1860. The comparison is instructive. The worst period was 1745–46, when, according to one historian, an estimated 8 percent of men in Massachusetts died. Winterthur Museum; Gift of Mrs. Duncan I. Selfridge (1957.0032.001). In 1865, there were 205 Swedes living in the town of Ellicott, which included Jamestown. In 1870 Olaf and August Linblad and P. J. Berquist began making custom-made furniture. 2. Before the Civil War most of the woodworking was performed by Yankees, while after the war the Swedes began to play a major role in the city’s furniture industry. 3). In the 18th century, the ‘big three’ furniture makers are undoubtedly Thomas Chippendale, Thomas Sheraton and George Hepplewhite. And over time, the city’s furnituremakers adapted to high land costs, capricious markets, over-production, greater profits in other economic sectors, and increased capital requirements. 103, table 5.1. The line has grown to two hundred patterns and exemplifies the best of 18th century … 6). Adapted from PLAN of the CITY OF BOSTON., engraved by G. W. Boynton (active ca. The story of Boston furniture craftsmen is not necessarily a sad tale of artisan declension against an incoming tide of mass-produced furniture. They emphasized flexibility, specialization, and cost control. Source: Lawrence W. Kennedy, Planning the City upon the Hill: Boston since 1630 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992). Edited by Geoffrey Beard and Christopher Gilbert. In the early nineteenth century, Western New York was heavily forested, with as much as 100,000 board feet of timber per acre in upland areas like Chautauqua County. The county was also crossed by several creeks which provided water power for early nineteenth century factories. Nevertheless, by 1850 the Breed Company was selling furniture within a one – hundred mile radius of Jamestown, while the Rogers and Bill Chair Factory was shipping furniture in pieces to Pittsburgh. To understand the connections between this maritime world and the products of local furnituremakers, we need to think about the problem of scale and the networks of exchange. Speed was important: the faster you built a ship and put it into service, the quicker you recouped your investment, even when it was spread among multiple partners. To understand the city’s craft community and its evolution, we must focus on three major themes. Jamestown’s furniture manufacturers took a big step towards improved advertising in 1895 when they held their first furniture exposition in the Celeron auditorium. Unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor began to organize in Jamestown in 1896 and by 1900 there were twenty-nine A. F. L. unions in the city. Map of Boston, showing the distribution of furniture shops, 1820–24. While many of the foreign-born were unskilled laborers, other contributed important skills to the city’s industries. The numbers appear large because every other colonial city was so much smaller. Overland transportation in the early nineteenth century was primitive and expensive. 5 (May 1992): 842–55. John Ellis and A. H. Davenport: Furniture Manufacturing in East Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1850–1900. 5. Philadelphia in 1876, the American public fell madly in love with the 18th-century pieces they saw there. For most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Boston residents were concentrated adjacent to the cove near the middle of the town, on land that straddled Mill Creek and led to the Town Dock from Mill Pond (fig. In 1945 furniture was still Jamestown’s biggest industry, but the number of furniture … To pay their bills, New Englanders had to find something to exchange in markets that needed or would pay for what they had.2. Classical Excellence in Boston: The Furniture of Isaac Vose, 1789–1825, 16. To the Merchants of Boston this View of the Light House is most humbly presented By their Humble Servt Wm Burgis, drawn and engraved by William Burgis (active ca. 1717–ca. The association mailed advertisements to over 10,000 furniture dealers and department stores, and advertised in a wide variety of trade journals as well as publications like Home and Garden, House Beautiful and The New Yorker. The area soon became known as Piousville, because so many of the factory owners were church deacons. Winterthur Museum; Gift of Henry Francis du Pont (1958.0694). Of twenty-five furniture companies still in business in 1945, the four strongest were products of mergers: Union-National, Shearman-Maddox, Jamestown Royal and Davis-Randolph. Cited in Neil Kamil, Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots’ New World, 1517–1751 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 714. Artisans certainly faced many challenges. From the Scots-born joiner Alexander Ross working in the first half of the 18th century to the Fawcett family of furniture makers working into the 19th century, Quaker woodworkers were formative settlers … Ten acres of hardwood land yielded up to a ton of potash, worth as much as $200. Windsor armchair, attributed to Francis Trumble (ca. By 1920, the city had twenty furniture factories, and by 1930, there were fifty. 12. The furniture industry in Jamestown also grew because entrepreneurs and investors took the initiative in launching new kinds of furniture concerns. They were aware of stylistic trends around the Atlantic World, but they made furniture that was dependent on profitable markets, not just fashionable design. In Jamestown, the arrival of Swedish immigrants after 1865 provided additional skilled workers for the furniture factories, while English immigrants made a major contribution to the city’s worsted industry. Even elite Massachusetts families like the Crowninshields mixed high-end furniture with fancy chairs (albeit expensive ones) on pleasure craft such as their yacht Cleopatra’s Barge (fig. Jamestown entrepreneurs also organized companies to manufacture a wide variety of goods, including metallic doors, voting machines, pianos, crescent wrenches, ball bearings and automobile parts. The Dahlstrom Metallic Door Company was funded by Charles P. Dahlstrom, an immigrant mechanical engineer, with the financial support of Swedish businessmen in Jamestown. As late as 1920, firms such as Elk, Acme, Active and Allied furniture companies employed 50 men or less. 65–74. C. A. Ahlstrom founded his piano factory in 1875 and in 1881 the Norquist brothers launched their first furniture business. See more ideas about labels, campaign furniture, maker. Linking the North End with Boston’s center was Dock Square, the core of the town’s produce market. Concentrated on a two-by-one mile isthmus (fig. See, for example, Boston Daily Advertiser, June 20, 1814; Independent Chronicle and Boston Patriot, Oct. 19, 1822; and Boston Daily Advertiser, Mar. Mahogany, white pine; h 31, w 35⅝, d 21¼. By the last quarter of the eighteenth century, the location of middling chair production was shifting. Benner's Woodworking produces museum-quality 18th & 19th Century furniture reproductions, employing handcrafted construction methods that have withstood the test of time. gross”; “5 grosse & five doz. The most important immigrant group in the furniture industry, however, was the Swedes. 11. 14. A number of factors help account for the failure of so many companies. The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1793 made the neutral U.S. merchant fleet the carriers of choice. Independent Chronicle, Jan. 24, 1805; Boston Commercial Gazette, Sep. 10, 1818; Salem Gazette, May 21, 1819; Repertory, Oct. 29, 1822; Boston Daily Advertiser, Apr. By the 1820s, the marks of machine planers and circular saws were visible on the undersides of birch-top, rope-turned mahogany dining tables like the one made for a respectable middle-class family (fig. The first Swedish manufacturing concern in the city was a door factory, founded in 1869 by Augustus Johnson. In 1814, Jamestown was connected with the outside world only by keelboat. Red maple, red oak; h 36, w 18½, Seat d 15¼. The building of additional railroads also boosted Jamestown’s growth. 5). Margaretta Lovell found the same pattern in her article “‘Such Furniture as Will Be Most Profitable’: The Business of Cabinetmaking in Eighteenth-Century Newport,” Winterthur Portfolio 26, no. First, it was becoming more expensive to get raw materials. John J. McCusker and Kenneth Morgan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 1–35. Then as now, furniture was a consumer durable. Jamestown furniture was made entirely by hand until 1837, when the first crude, water – driven equipment came into use. Reflecting on Forty Years of Studying Boston Late Classical Furniture, 14. For a sense of the early nineteenth century in Boston, see Robert D. Mussey Jr., The Furniture Masterworks of John and Thomas Seymour (Salem, Mass. Several turners and chairmakers were located south of King Street near Fort Hill. Plank roads, built in 1837, connected Jamestown with Fredonia and Dunkirk, but these were still not adequate to provide the transportation needed if Jamestown were to develop into an industrial city. It was easier to adjust minor features such as crest rails or splats than to develop an entirely new form that required prototyping and retooling. Mahogany, birch, white pine; h 30, w open 78, d 42. Unlike the prerevolutionary era, when many of Boston’s furnituremakers chose locations near the docks that linked them to the export market, the nineteenth-century domestic market emphasized visibility, integrated services, and consumer access. He built a sawmill in 1810, and two more by 1816. The chairs were the products of subcontracted specialist turners, carvers, joiners, caners, upholsterers, and painter-stainers who combined efforts to make these wares efficiently and cheaply.12. Timber was the only resource Chautauqua County possessed that could bear the transportation costs to urban markets. 4. Like many of Jamestown’s early manufacturers, Keyes was an immigrant craftsman from New England. Mezzotint on laid paper; h 813/16, w 12⅛ (image). In some aspects of the woodworking trades, including sawmilling and shipbuilding, Boston operated on the cutting edge. Most turners, joiners, and cabinetmakers did not work in shipyards, but they were not far from them either. By the mid-eighteenth century, and probably much earlier, the furniture business had clearly begun segmenting into forms that, in the nineteenth century, people would describe as manufacturing and retailing. Many books on antiques provide information about the makers. Jacqueline Barbara Carr, After the Siege: A Social History of Boston, 1775–1800 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2005), 13–42; the advertisement for John Wadsworth is in the American Mercury, Feb. 9, 1804. A great many of the Swedes were skilled in making wood products and they quickly found jobs in Jamestown’s furniture factories, where many operations were still performed by hand. As Benno M. Forman pointed out in the 1970s, the relentless logic of production choices in the seventeenth century had already segmented subcontracted labor into turners, joiners, carvers, cane workers, upholsterers, and finishers, depending on the chair design. 14).30. 13. Soft pine woods were cut into boards, piled into rafts and floated down the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers to Pittsburgh and Cincinnati. FIG. Several firms, including the A.C. Norquist, Atlas, Advance and Level furniture companies were founded by immigrant Swedish woodworkers. Implied in this interpretation is the teleological argument that Bostonians should have followed the dictates of fashion plates or the standards of London. A few successful new furniture companies were founded, including the Aluminum Chair Company (1937), Burns Furniture Company (1939), the Falconer Cabinet Corporation(1946) and the Chadokoin Furniture Company (1946). As Jamestown became more integrated into the national economy, and as furniture became more mechanized, it was increasingly difficult for small, marginal firms to compete successfully with larger and more efficient rivals. FIG. See also the fine series of articles published in the Chipstone Foundation’s annual serial edited by Luke Beckerdite, American Furniture: David H. Conradsen, “The Stock-in-Trade of John Hancock and Company” (1993): 38–54; Alan Miller, “Roman Gusto in New England: An Eighteenth-Century Boston Furniture Designer and His Shop” (1993): 160–200; Robert Mussey and Anne Rogers Haley, “John Cogswell and Boston Bombé Furniture: Thirty-Five Years of Revolution in Politics and Design” (1994): 73–105; Peter Follansbee and John D. Alexander, “Seventeenth-Century Joinery from Braintree, Massachusetts: The Savell Shop Tradition” (1996): 81–104; Roger Gonzales and Daniel Putman Brown Jr., “Boston and New York Leather Chairs: A Reappraisal” (1996): 175–193; Leigh Keno, Joan Barzilay Freund, and Alan Miller, “The Very Pink of the Mode: Boston Georgian Chairs, Their Export and Their Influence” (1996): 267–306; Joan Barzilay Freund and Leigh Keno, “The Making and Marketing of Boston Seating Furniture in the Late Baroque Style” (1998): 1–40; Glenn Adamson, “The Politics of the Caned Chair” (2002): 174–206; Robert Trent and Michael Podmaniczky, “An Early Cupboard Fragment from the Harvard College Joinery Tradition” (2002): 228–42; Glenn Adamson, “Mannerism in Early American Furniture: Connoisseurship, Intention and Theatricality” (2005): 23–62; Ethan Lasser, “Reading Japanned Furniture” (2007): 169–90; Philip D. Zimmerman, “The ‘Boston Chairs’ of Mid-Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia” (2009): 140–58; Robert Mussey Jr. and Christopher Shelton, “John Penniman and the Ornamental Painting Tradition in Federal-Era Boston” (2010): 2–27; Robert F. Trent, Erik Gronning, and Alan Anderson, “The Gaines Attributions and Baroque Seating in Northeastern New England” (2010): 140-93; Peter Follansbee and Robert F. Trent, “Reassessing the London-Style Joinery and Turning of Seventeenth-Century Boston” (2010): 194–240; Robert F. Trent, “Boston Baroque Easy Chairs, 1705-1740” (2012): 86-115. By the eve of the Civil War, Jamestown had developed a variety of industries. Not many people wanted to live near the ropewalks, restraining nearby real estate prices.7. It had also congregated the trade within the city. Lieutenant Governor William Gooch of Virginia complained to the Board of Trade in 1733 that “scrutoires, chairs and other wooden manufactures . Of 425 prominent citizens the city listed in John P. Down’s History of Chautauqua County, one-third were of Swedish birth or parentage. 5 (May 1975): 878–87; “Boston Empire Furniture, Part II,” Antiques 109, no. Maple; h 49⅞, w 24, Seat d 21. Our Windsor chair business is very small, but full of a lot of heart. The relentless pressure on unit prices and volume increased the capital costs needed to enter the business. The furniture industry, therefore, not only provided jobs for Swedish workers, but also provided upward social and economic mobility for those who went into business. Nancy E. Richards and Nancy Goyne Evans, with Wendy A. Cooper and Michael S. Podmaniczky, New England Furniture at Winterthur: Queen Anne and Chippendale Periods (Winterthur, Del. In 1823 Breed bought out Keyes’ interest and in 1837 he converted the business from a cabinet making shop based entirely on hand labor, to a water- powered factory. of trenchers” at 8s. By 1945, there had been extensive mergers in the furniture industry in Jamestown; Burns Case Goods took over the Premier Cabinet Corporation, Empire Case Goods absorbed the Cadwell Cabinet Company, and Kling Factories bought out the Triangle Furniture Company and Carlson, Bloomquist and Snow. 7). I started Irion Co. Furnituremakers in 1977, after learning the trade from my father. Using the opportunistic networks of a maritime world, they mitigated their weaknesses by adjusting to them. The form had turned rear stiles (some of which were made using multiaxis lathes), turned and sometimes carved front stiles, stretchers, carved crest rails, and joined seat and back frames that could support cane, splint, rush, or leather upholstery. The Revolution altered the city profoundly. At the same time, they were exposed to competition from other cities. The outbreak of the English Civil War (1642–51) dramatically slowed immigration to New England and effectively halted the flow of money the newcomers brought with them—the metropolitan credits and hard currencythat Boston’s earliest merchants had used to settle international accounts with English suppliers. FIG. The hardwoods were burned and their ashes used to make potash. In the 18th century, the 'big three' furniture makers are undoubtedly Thomas Chippendale, Thomas Sheraton and George Hepplewhite. In the decade that followed World War II, a number of companies in Jamestown were bought by firms which had their headquarters in other cities. Benjamin Bass and Boston Sideboards: A Question of Attribution, 15. The flood of European immigrants mostly bypassed New England in favor of the Middle Atlantic or Upper South, where economic prospects seemed brighter. Davis Furniture Company absorbed the F. M. Curtis Company and then merged with the Randolph Furniture Works, which had previously taken over the Eckman and Himebaugh furniture companies. William Maddox, after succeeding as a table manufacturer, started a company to produce furniture making machinery. It also made it possible for Jamestown to import coal, the indispensible ingredient of nineteenth century industry. When times were hard, as they often were in the early nineteenth century, families could live with what they had, buy used, or select items with lower unit costs. Armchair, Boston, 1720–30. The Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library. ps.”; “4 grosse of Sive Rimmes at 3s. One of the ways in which furniture manufacturers in Jamestown increased their sales was by improved advertising and marketing arrangements. Amid the destruction and violence, many people left and businesses relocated to safer areas. In 1894, even well-established firms like the Breed-Johnson Company, the Jamestown Cane Seat Company, the Morgan Manufacturing Company and the Shearman Brothers Lounge Company only employed from 50 to 100 workmen. Dec 8, 2020 - Explore Simon Clarke's board "18th & 19thc.Cabinet Makers Labels ", followed by 127 people on Pinterest. During the 1870’s there was a rapid growth in the number of Swedish enterprises. Rutman, Winthrop’s Boston, 68–97, 164–201. Boston both suffered and profited from these conflicts. They also helped make Rockford Illinois a major furniture manufacturing center and they contributed greatly to the growth of the emory grinding industry in Worcester, Massachusetts. Economic Development of Jamestown after 1860. Before 1860, railroad development in Chautauqua County had taken place only in the northern part of the county and benefited towns like Dunkirk, Fredonia and Westfield. The availability of wood and water not only made Jamestown a lumber milling center, but also made it possible for a furniture industry to develop. The Ideal, Allied, Level and Star furniture companies failed in 1929. Other than fish, Englishmen did not need much of what early New Englanders produced, especially with trans-Atlantic freight charges added to goods that were already available in sections of northern and central Europe. has removed his business to his new factory, directly back of his old shops, where he intends carrying on the chair business, in all its various branches—He has now on hand a large assortment of fancy Chairs, gilt and plain, very elegant; settees for spaces, d[itt]o; Winsor Chairs; common do. Tall-case clock, works by Gawen Brown (1719–1801), Boston, 1745–55. Shortly after the Civil War, Swedes in Jamestown began going into business as grocers, tailors, cobblers and restaurant and saloon keepers. 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